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''The Scream'' ((ノルウェー語:Skrik)) is the popular name given to each of four versions of a composition, created as both paintings and pastels, by the Expressionist artist Edvard Munch between 1893 and 1910. ''ドイツ語:Der Schrei der Natur'' (''The Scream of Nature'') is the title Munch gave to these works, all of which show a figure with an agonized expression against a landscape with a tumultuous orange sky. Arthur Lubow has described ''The Scream'' as "an icon of modern art, a Mona Lisa for our time."〔Arthur Lubow, ''(Edvard Munch: Beyond The Scream )'', Smithsonian Magazine, March 2006, (retrieved 29 March 2013)〕 Edvard Munch created the four versions in various media. The National Gallery, Oslo, holds one of two painted versions (1893, shown here). The Munch Museum holds the other painted version (1910, see gallery, below) and a pastel version from 1893. These three versions have not traveled for years. The fourth version (pastel, 1895) was sold for $119,922,600 at Sotheby's Impressionist and Modern Art auction on 2 May 2012 to financier Leon Black, the third highest nominal price paid for a painting at auction.〔Carol Vogel, (At $142.4 Million, Triptych Is the Most Expensive Artwork Ever Sold at an Auction ), ''The New York Times'', 12 November 2013〕 The painting was on display in the Museum of Modern Art in New York from October 2012 to April 2013. Also in 1895, Munch created a lithograph stone of the image. Of the lithograph prints produced by Munch, several examples survive. Only approximately four dozen prints were made before the original stone was resurfaced by the printer in Munch's absence. ''The Scream'' has been the target of several high-profile art thefts. In 1994, the version in the National Gallery was stolen. It was recovered several months later. In 2004, both ''The Scream'' and ''Madonna'' were stolen from the Munch Museum, and were both recovered two years later. ==Sources of inspiration== The original German title given by Munch to his work was ''ドイツ語:Der Schrei der Natur'' ("The Scream of Nature"). The Norwegian word ' usually is translated as ''scream'', but is cognate with the English ''shriek''. Occasionally, the painting also has been called ''The Cry''. In his diary in an entry headed, ''Nice 22 January 1892'', Munch described his inspiration for the image: This memory was later rendered by Munch as a poem, which he hand-painted onto the frame of the 1895 pastel version of the work: Among theories advanced to account for the reddish sky in the background is the artist's memory of the effects of the powerful volcanic eruption of Krakatoa, which deeply tinted sunset skies red in parts of the Western hemisphere for months during 1883 and 1884, about a decade before Munch painted ''The Scream''.〔 〕 This explanation has been disputed by scholars, who note that Munch was an expressive painter and was not primarily interested in literal renderings of what he had seen. Alternatively, it has been suggested that the proximity of both a slaughterhouse and a lunatic asylum to the site depicted in the painting may have offered some inspiration.〔"Existential Superstar: Another look at Edvard Munch's The Scream" (Slate.com ) ''Slate'' (22 November 2005). Retrieved 10 November 2008.〕 The scene was identified as being the view from a road overlooking Oslo, the Oslofjord and Hovedøya, from the hill of Ekeberg. At the time of painting the work, Munch's manic depressive sister Laura Catherine was a patient at the asylum at the foot of Ekeberg. In 1978, the Munch scholar Robert Rosenblum suggested that the strange, sexless creature in the foreground of the painting was inspired by a Peruvian mummy, which Munch could have seen at the 1889 Exposition Universelle in Paris. This mummy, which was buried in a fetal position with its hands alongside its face, also struck the imagination of Munch's friend Paul Gauguin: it stood as a model for the central figure in his painting, ''Human misery (Grape harvest at Arles)'' and for the old woman at the left in his painting, ''Where Do We Come From? What Are We? Where Are We Going?''. In 2004, an Italian anthropologist speculated that Munch might have seen a mummy in Florence's Museum of Natural History, which bears an even more striking resemblance to the painting.〔 (waybacked mirror).〕 The imagery of ''The Scream'' has been compared to that which an individual suffering from depersonalization disorder experiences, a feeling of distortion of the environment and one's self, and also facial pain in the form of Trigeminal neuralgia. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「The Scream」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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